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61.
Antonio Guirado Enrique LópezSánchez Raquel Andreu Andrés Zapata 《Tetrahedron letters》2004,45(10):2075-2076
The first method for the synthesis of the title compounds has been established involving a stereoselective electrochemical diacylation process. The cathodic reductions of monothiobenzils in an aprotic medium, under constant potential, in the presence of twofold molecular amounts of aroyl chlorides provide previously unknown (Z)-α-benzoyloxy-β-benzoythiostilbenes in high to quantitative yields. 相似文献
62.
Biosorption of Chromium(III) by Biomass of Seaweed Sargassum sp. in a Fixed-Bed Column 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Eneida Sala Cossich Edson Antonio da Silva Célia Regina Granhen Tavares Lúcio Cardozo Filho Teresa Massako Kakuta Ravagnani 《Adsorption》2004,10(2):129-138
This work aimed at modeling chromium biosorption using the biomass of seaweed Sargassum sp. in a fixed-bed column. The mathematical model used was obtained from the mass balance of the component in the liquid phase and in the biosorbent material. The effects of both axial dispersion in the column and the resistance to mass transfer in the solid were considered for the solution of the partial differential equations of the model, using the Galerkin method on finite elements. To represent the equilibrium data of the batch system the Langmuir isotherm were used. The chromium ion adsorption capacity of the seaweed Sargassum sp., at a temperature of 30°C and pH 3.5, was 2.61 mmol/g. The model performance was evaluated from experimental data obtained at 30°C for flow rates of 2, 6 and 8 mL/min. The parameters of the model, mass transfer and axial dispersion coefficients, were adjusted from these experimental data. The model proved adequate to describe chromium biosorption dynamics in fixed-bed columns. 相似文献
63.
M. A. Diniz-Ehrhardt M. A. Gomes-Ruggiero J. M. Martínez S. A. Santos 《Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications》2004,123(3):497-517
The spectral projected gradient method SPG is an algorithm for large-scale bound-constrained optimization introduced recently by Birgin, Martínez, and Raydan. It is based on the Raydan unconstrained generalization of the Barzilai-Borwein method for quadratics. The SPG algorithm turned out to be surprisingly effective for solving many large-scale minimization problems with box constraints. Therefore, it is natural to test its perfomance for solving the sub-problems that appear in nonlinear programming methods based on augmented Lagrangians. In this work, augmented Lagrangian methods which use SPG as the underlying convex-constraint solver are introduced (ALSPG) and the methods are tested in two sets of problems. First, a meaningful subset of large-scale nonlinearly constrained problems of the CUTE collection is solved and compared with the perfomance of LANCELOT. Second, a family of location problems in the minimax formulation is solved against the package FFSQP. 相似文献
64.
65.
Francesc Carreras M. Dolors Llongueras Antonio Magaña 《Annals of Operations Research》2005,137(1):67-89
A partnership in a cooperative game is a coalition that possesses an internal structure and, simultaneously, behaves as an
individual member. Forming partnerships leads to a modification of the original game which differs from the quotient game
that arises when one or more coalitions are actually formed.
In this paper, the Shapley value is used to discuss the convenience to form either coalitions or partnerships. To this end,
the difference between the additive Shapley value of the partnership in the partnership game and the Shapley alliance value
of the coalition, and also between the corresponding value of the internal and external players, are analysed. Simple games
are especially considered.
Research partially supported by Grant BFM 2003-01314 of the Science and Technology Spanish Ministry and the European Regional
Development Fund. 相似文献
66.
In this paper, space adaptivity is introduced to control the error in the numerical solution of hyperbolic systems of conservation laws. The reference numerical scheme is a new version of the discontinuous Galerkin method, which uses an implicit diffusive term in the direction of the streamlines, for stability purposes. The decision whether to refine or to unrefine the grid in a certain location is taken according to the magnitude of wavelet coefficients, which are indicators of local smoothness of the numerical solution. Numerical solutions of the nonlinear Euler equations illustrate the efficiency of the method. 相似文献
67.
68.
V. Petržílka 《Czechoslovak Journal of Physics》1997,47(2):183-196
Test particle motion and acceleration has been explored in strong radio frequency (RF) fields, for which quasilinear ponderomotive force approximation is not valid. By nonlinear acceleration in spatially varying wave amplitude of RF travelling wave, electrons may be accelerated to time averaged velocities significantly larger than the RF wave phase velocity, and than the boundary plasma thermal velocity, in RF fields of several Volts per centimeter at wave frequency of 7 MHz. It is also demonstrated that even weak spatial gradients, much weaker than those expected in experiments, of the RF wave field amplitude, have significant consequences for the particle motion. Estimates are presented of the total energy transferred from the near antenna RF field to the plasma due to the nonlinear electron acceleration effects. 相似文献
69.
We study condensation of ethanol-hexanol vapour by numerical solution of kinetic equations. The number of droplets formed
in unit volume is computed within self-consistent classical model. It is shown that formation of ethanol-rich droplets prevails
at the initial stage of nucleation process, but in the stationary state formation of droplets near the saddle point (on cluster
formation energy surface) plays the dominant role.
Presented at the 6th Joint Seminar “Development of Materials Science in Research and Education”, Karlštejn, Czech Republic,
17–19 September 1996.
This work was supported by Grant No. A1010615 of the Grant Agency of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. 相似文献
70.
P. González D. Fernández J. Pou E. García J. Serra B. León M. Pérez-Amor T. Szörényi 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》1993,57(2):181-185
A study of the gas-phase parameters involved in ArF laser induced chemical vapour deposition of silicon-oxide thin films is presented. A complete set of experiments has been performed showing the influence of the concentration of the precursor gases, N2O and SiH4, and their influence on total and partial pressures on film growth and properties. In this paper we demonstrate the ability of this LCVD method to deposit silicon oxide films of different compositions and densities by appropriate control of gas composition and total pressure. Moreover, a material specific calibration plot comprising data obtained using different preparation techniques is presented, allowing determination of the stoichiometry of SiO
x
films by using FTIR spectroscopy independently of the deposition method. For the range of processing conditions examined, the experimental results suggest that chemical processes governing deposition take place mainly in the gas phase. 相似文献